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Foreword One of the main environmental problems of today’s society is the continuously increasing production of organic wastes. In many countries, sustainable waste management as well as waste prevention and reduction have become major political priorities, representing an important share of the common efforts to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and to mitigate global climate changes. Uncontrolled waste dumping is no longer acceptable today and even controlled landfill disposal and incineration of organic wastes are not considered optimal practices, as environmental standards hereof are increasingly stricter and energy recovery and recycling of nutrients and organic matter is aimed. Production of biogas through anaerobic digestion (AD) of animal manure and slurries as well as of a wide range of digestible organic wastes, converts these substrates into renewable energy and offers a natural fertiliser for agriculture. At the same time, it removes the organic fraction from the overall waste streams, increasing this way the efficiency of energy conversion by incineration of the remaining wastes and the biochemical stability of landfill sites. AD is a microbiological process of decomposition of organic matter, in the absence of oxygen, common to many natural environments and largely applied today to produce biogas in airproof reactor tanks, commonly named digesters. A wide range of micro-organisms are involved in the anaerobic process which has two main end products: biogas and digestate. Biogas is a combustible gas consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and small amounts of other gases and trace elements. Digestate is the decomposed substrate, rich in macro- and micro nutrients and therefore suitable to be used as plant fertiliser. The production and collection of biogas from a biological process was documented for the first time in United Kingdom in 1895 (METCALF & EDDY 1979). Since then, the process was further developed and broadly applied for wastewater treatment and sludge stabilisation. The energy crisis in the early ‘70s brought new awareness about the use of renewable fuels, including biogas from AD. The interest in biogas has further increased today due to global efforts of displacing the fossil fuels used for energy production and the necessity of finding environmentally sustainable solutions for the treatment and recycling of animal manure and organic wastes. Biogas installations, processing agricultural substrates, are some of the most important applications of AD today. In Asia alone, millions of family owned, small scale digesters are in operation in countries like China, India, Nepal and Vietnam, producing biogas for cooking and lighting. Thousands of agricultural biogas plants are in operation in Europe and North America, many of them using the newest technologies within this area, and their number is continuously increasing. In Germany alone, more than 3.700 agricultural biogas plants were in operation in 2007. In line with the other biofuels, biogas from AD is an important priority of the European transport and energy policy, as a cheap and CO2-neutral source of renewable energy, which offers the possibility of treating and recycling a wide range of agricultural residues and by- products, in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way. At the same time, biogas brings 7 biogas HANDBOOKPDF Image | biogas HANDBOOK
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