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10 Volume 9 Fuel cells require specialized engineering, plumbing, catalyst, and thermal and electrical power generation expertise that is probably only available from the manufacturer (Minott, et al., 2004). Noise is generally not an issue since there is no combustion and any forms of sound are produced by water pumps and air blowers. One brand of phosphoric acid fuel cells claims their product emits only 60 db at 9 metres (Anon, 2005). The fuel cell stack itself is not a source of emissions as heat and water are the only products. The fuel reformer, however, produces trace amounts of NOx and SOx. Independent testing of a phosphoric acid fuel cell demonstrated NOx levels less than 1.5 ppm (Anon, 2004). 4. 3. Heat boiler Heat boilers represent perhaps the simplest use of anaerobic digester gas. Biogas can be used in heat boilers to directly produce high quality hot water or steam. The hot water or steam may be used to heat the digester and/or be used in secondary systems such as absorption chillers or space heaters. The gas could also be used directly in any natural gas fired appliance. When burning the gas in this way, it is recommended that levels of hydrogen sulfide not exceed 1000 ppm. When the concentration is higher, the sulfuric acid formed in the condensate can cause heavy corrosion (Wellinger and Lindberg, 2001). Many modern boilers have tin-laminated brass heat exchangers which can corrode more easily. Use of a cast iron heat exchanger can slow this corrosion. Ensuring the temperature of the exhaust gas is higher than 150 °C keeps the hydrogen sulfide above its dew point. The acid will not condense and therefore will contribute less to corrosion. Water vapour can cause problems in gas nozzles and may need to be removed. Figure 5. Production of steam from the boiler.PDF Image | Biogas as Resources of Energy
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