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Anaerobic Digestion of farm and food processing residues GoodPractice Guidelines Page40 • Check records of what is produced and what has gone through the system • Monitor and control emissions, and ensure emissions on site are within set limits (this may be a planning condition) • Check comments made by members of the public and neighbours of the plant • Ensure planned actions are carried out effectively. Minimising operational risks Good practice requires careful planning and management to ensure that the benefits of the products of AD, including sustainable energy production, are matched by sensitively and effectively managedsystemsforoperations. Aswithany agricultural or small industrial development, the operation of the scheme will have some risk of negativeenvironmentalimpacts. Allofthesewill need to be addressed in order to obtain planning permission and may be governed by planning conditions. Some of these impacts, and therefore any mitigating activities, may be negligible in smaller schemes. However, even the largest AD plant can be compared more easily with other agricultural developments than with any conventional industrial facilities. Nevertheless, and especially in larger schemes, attention needs to be given to the following, all of which are covered in more detail below: • Emissions to air • Emissions to ground and water courses • Light • Transport and traffic (see Feedstock and Products section) • Feedstock and product storage (see Feedstock and Products section). The regulations which will be in force depend on the scale of the development, as will the identity of the regulatory authority: it is likely to be the local authority and the Environment Agency. Emissions to air Environmental impacts There is the potential for emissions of methane (a greenhouse gas) to the atmosphere from leaks from the plant. It is also important to ensure efficient combustion as carbon monoxide (human health risk), nitrogen oxide (precursor to acid rain) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs - toxic air pollutants) are released at unacceptable levels if the biogas is combusted inadequately. Proper management should ensure that all these risks are controlled, and the best available technology should be used in all cases. The Environment Agency will apply Integrated Pollution Control regulations to larger plants which will control emissions to all media (not just air); this will apply to larger on-farm schemes as well as CAD plants. Health and safety risks Biogas is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide, with traces of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. Ammonia and hydrogen sulphide may arise during fuel gas production, from stored feedstock and in the mixing pits or conveying plant. Exposure to any of these gases may result in ill-health or death, and levels in the biogas may vary widely and cyclically. Carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide are all toxic gases, and are subject to the COSHH regulations as substances hazardous to health. Employers of people working in biogas plants must assess the risk from exposure to the gases (and other hazardous substances such as pathogens in the feedstock), and take steps to control that risk. For new plants, the risk of operators or others being exposed to toxic gases should be considered at the design stage under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994. Identifying the hazards in the plant design, whether in the construction stage, under normal running or during maintenance and repair, will enable many risks to be designed out and thus subsequent operation of the plant will be easier. The COSHH assessment will identify hazards from operating the plant, and the extent of risk to be controlled. The assessment will lead the operator of the plant to institute the necessary procedures to control exposure down to or below the legal limits, known as Occupational Exposure Standards (OES), which must not normally be exceeded. The main hazards of these gases are outlined below. • Methane is an asphyxiant (its presence at high concentrations in air reduces the oxygenPDF Image | Anaerobic Digestion Of farm and food Processing residues The development of a sustainable industry
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