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Anaerobic Digestion of farm and food processing residues GoodPractice Guidelines Page28 and those secured against future cash flows (limited recourse project financing). Most farmers and commercial developers will be familiar with these and be able to make an informed decision about which is the best route to follow, although the decision may be made for them by the lending bank. It is unlikely that a lender will finance 100% of a project’s costs. Between 20% - 40% may have to be funded by the developer. The maximum amount of money that a local clearing bank might be expected to lend is about £200,000. This level of loan would be sufficient for a single farm AD or very small CAD. Investment banks usually have a minimum level of investment of about £2 million, and a minimum loan arrangement fee which can be as high as £100,000. There is therefore a financing gap into which many projects may fall, and these developers may find great difficulty in raising finance. Traditional investors do not recognise the environmental benefits and sustainability of AD and view it in the same way as any other high-risk commercial project, demanding high security and high returns on invested capital, leaving less for other investors and shareholders. Ethical or ‘green’ banks and funds are beginning to appear. They take a more sympathetic view of renewable energy in general and seem willing to invest on less onerous terms. These should be sought by AD project developers, particularly those whose projects fall into the financing gap described earlier. Certain Regional Electricity Companies (RECs) may be interested in supporting (through investment) alternative renewable energy sources in some areas. Grant aid may be available for large AD projects from European Union funding programmes, administered by MAFF, for rural development. More information can be found in Financing Renewable Energy Projects-A guide for developers, published by ETSU for the DTI. MAFF’s Farm Waste Grant Scheme provides help to farmers in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones who are installing or improving farm waste facilities. Grants are not available for anaerobic digesters but funds may be available for storage which could be used for part of an AD scheme. More information can be found in the MAFF leaflet Farm Waste Grant Scheme: Nitrate Vulnerable Zones. Site and location Planning permission is likely to be required for most AD projects, so the proposed development will need to be acceptable in terms of site, layout, the appearance of the buildings, any impact on local amenity or landscape and any environmental risks such as water contamination. On-farm digesters are likely to be sited near other farm buildings so there may be little new impact. However, decisions on the location of all new plants, especially CAD developments, will need to take the following into account when considering sites for the digester: Feedstock and transport • A local supply of feedstock needs to be available so that transport costs and environmental impacts are kept to a level which would provide a positive energy balance. • Accessibility to road links for the import of feedstock and export of products is essential. Markets for products • Secure uses, outlets and markets are needed for liquor and fibre products (both can be stored relatively easily but at a cost). • Access to potential uses or markets for excess heat, or reaching a niche electricity market, will be important. • Distribution networks. The right location can save thousands of pounds on grid connection costs, and the value of the electricity is enhanced by minimising transmission losses; the closer it can be connected to its end users when sold off site the better. Planning and environmental restrictions • Impacts on neighbours. CAD plants may be best sited in areas designated for industrial development in the development plan of the local planning authority. All plants need to consider noise, smell and traffic impacts on local residents. • Sufficient land available. It would be good practice for a farm to produce a Farm Waste Management Plan to demonstrate to the Environment Agency that there is sufficient land available for the storage and spreading of digestate on the farm. • Landscape designations. Additional care needs to be taken with landscaping and building design in designated areas such as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) and National Parks, and itPDF Image | Anaerobic Digestion Of farm and food Processing residues The development of a sustainable industry
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