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output reduces or eliminates the need for additional electricity sources. Microturbines can operate onsite without the need for costly intermediary equipment and do so with near-zero sched- uled maintenance requirements (Capstone MicroTurbines, for example, are able to operate at full load for one year before scheduled maintenance is recommended). This makes it pos- sible to deploy microturbines directly at the site, at the well- head, or on offshore platforms, and to generate enough power to fulfill the requirements of the whole site. Although still a fledgling application, there is enormous potential in this area. Cogeneration Cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP) generation, refers to the process of utilizing the heat produced by a combustion engine as energy output. During normal operation, microturbines produce significant quantities of high-temperature exhaust that can be easily integrated with heat exchangers and a hot water loop to produce valuable energy output. From a cost–benefit perspective, this can yield significant savings compared to purchasing power and heat- ing fuel. When the heat energy is utilized, overall system fuel efficiency can range between 70 and 90+%.7 Cogeneration is not a new concept, but the systems that are currently in operation are generally large, gas-powered tur- bines or large, slow-speed reciprocating engines. Small recip- rocating engines have also been applied, but high maintenance and exhaust filth make these undesirable. The advent of microturbine technology, and its voluminous, oxygen-rich dry exhaust, has positioned micro-cogeneration as a viable solution for a wide range of facilities. Building engineers now have a scalable cogeneration tool, which offers decided ad- vantages for environmentally sound energy management by being able to make use of the clean microturbine exhaust stream for heating purposes. Approximately 1000 microturbines are operating world- wide in CHP applications. One example installation is Harbec Plastics, a plastics manufacturer located near Rochester, NY, where 25 microturbines generate all the power needed at the facility (see Figure 4). Harbec uses the utility grid only as a backup source. The primary goal of the installation was to ensure continuous power, since even a brief power fluctua- tion would cause days of lost production time and costs ex- ceeding $15,000. Heat output from the microturbines is routed into four heat-exchange units to create a 210 °F water loop that goes to the facility’s radiant floor heating and ventilation system. During the summer, the hot water drives an absorp- tion chiller, which converts the heat input into cold output. As a result, Harbec can air condition its plant with no appreciable electrical load. Harbec’s average cost-per-kilowatt-generated is 7.5 cents versus 10.5 cents for utility power. Harbec is contracted to a long-term gas delivery rate of $6.85 per million Btu. In many parts of the country, however, delivered gas can range to Figure 4. A 750-kW microturbine power, heat, and chilling system installed at a NY-based plastics manufacturer. as low as $4 per million Btu, making the economic advantages of microturbine power even more significant. Hybrid Electric Vehicles All-electric buses are clean alternatives to traditional diesel- or compressed natural gas (CNG)-powered public transportation, but they are limited in terms of the distances and terrain January 2003 EM 33PDF Image | Microturbine Tech Alt Power Solution
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