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32 MICROPOWER: THE NEXT ELECTRICAL ERA IS SMALLER CLEANER? 33 TABLE 4 Scales of Selected Electricity Use and Supply, United States Use Approximate Scale (kilowatts) Portable radio Cellular phone Portable computer Desktop computer Household average Commercial customer average Passenger car engine average Supermarket Medium-sized office building Medium-to-large factory Peak use of largest buildings Peak use of largest industries Supply .0001 .001 .01 .1 1–1.5 10 25–50 100 1,000 1–10,000 100,000 1–10,000,000 One central thermal power plant 1,000,000 Large power plant cluster 10,000,000 Source: See endnote 69. (NOx), ozone, and carbon monoxide—that contribute to human respiratory ailments. U.S. utility power plants, which rely on coal for 56 percent of their electricity, account for 64 percent of national SO2 emissions and 26 percent of NOx emissions, as well as 33 percent of mercury emissions— which accumulate in aquatic species and, among other things, endanger fetal development via the food chain. SO2 and NOx also cause acid deposition, impairing natural ecosystems, buildings, and crops. In addition, nitrogen con- tributes to eutrophication of waterbodies. In the form of nitrous oxide, it is also a greenhouse gas.72 TABLE 5 Eight Hidden Benefits of Micropower Benefit Description Modularity Short lead time Fuel diversity and reduced price volatility “Load-growth insurance” and load matching Reliability and resilience Avoided plant and grid constuc- ion, and losses Local and community choice and control Avoided emissions and other environ- mental impacts By adding or removing units, micropower system size can be adjusted to match demand. Small-scale power can be planned, sited, and built more quickly than larger systems, reducing the risks of overshooting demand, longer con- struction periods, and technological obsoles- cence. Micropower’s more diverse, renewables-based mix of energy sources lessens exposure to fossil fuel price fluctuations. Some types of small-scale power, such as cogen- eration and end-use efficiency, expand with growing loads; the flow of other resources, like solar and wind, can correlate closely with electricity demand. Small plants are unlikely to all fail simultaneously; they have shorter outages, are easier to repair, and are more geographically dispersed. Small-scale power can displace construction of new plants, reduce grid losses, and delay or avoid adding new grid capacity or connections. Micropower provides local choice and control and the option of relying on local fuels and spurring community economic development. Small-scale power generally emits lower amounts of particulates, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, heavy metals and carbon dioxide, and has a lower cumulative environmental impact on land and water supply and quality. Source: See endnote 69.PDF Image | Micropower: The Next Electrical Era
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