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where: Mass Emission Rate (lb/hr) = HI * Concentration * F-factor * [20.9 / (20.9 - % O2,d)] (Eqn. 4) HI = Concentration = F-factor = O2,d = 20.9 = average measured heat input, HHV based (106Btu/hr) measured pollutant concentration (lb/dscf) calculated exhaust gas flow rate (dscf/106Btu) measured O2 level in exhaust stack, dry basis (%) oxygen concentration in air (%) The mass emission rates as lb/hr were then normalized to electrical power output by dividing the mass rate by the average power output measured during each controlled test and are reported as pounds per kilowatt-hour electrical (lb/kWhe). 1.4.5. Estimated Annual Emission Reductions for Waldbaums All of the Waldbaums' electrical power and heat demand is met by the local utility, LIPA, and the gas- fired Munters unit when on-site generation of electricity and heat with the CHP is unavailable. Electricity generation from central power stations and heat production from the Munters' gas burners then defines the baseline power and heat scenario for this facility. Emissions of NOX and CO2 generated by these systems represent the baseline emissions in the absence of the CHP system. Some of the power and heat demand of the facility is met through on-site generation with the CHP system operating. Less power is purchased from the utility grid under this scenario and less heat is generated by the gas-fired burners. A reduction in emissions is realized under the CHP system scenario if CHP emissions of CO2 and NOX are lower than the emissions associated with the generation of energy displaced from the baseline scenario. Emissions from the CHP scenario for this verification are compared with the baseline scenario to estimate annual NOX and CO2 emission levels and reductions (lb/yr). Reliable emission factors for electric utility grid and burners are available for both gases. Emission reductions were computed as follows: Annual Emission Reductions (lb/yr) = [Baseline Scenario Emissions] – [CHP Scenario Emissions] Annual Emission Reductions (%) = Annual Emission Reductions (lb/yr) / [Baseline Scenario Emissions]* 100 The following 4 steps describe the methodology used. Step 1 - Determination of Waldbaum’s Annual Electrical and Thermal Energy Profiles The first step in estimating emission reductions was to estimate the supermarket’s annual electrical (kWhe) and thermal energy demand (kWhth) for a typical calendar year. System integrators (CDH Energy Systems) are monitoring these data as part of a long-term demonstration of CHP performance for NYSERDA [14]. The data span the first year of the supermarket's operation beginning in August 2002 and ending in June 2003. Demand data for the month of July are projected. The monthly electrical demand (power consumption) and Munters' air-handling system gas use (heat demand) were made available to the GHG Center for this analysis and are summarized in Table 1-5. SRI/USEPA-GHG-VR-27 September 2003 1-15PDF Image | Environmental Technology Verification Report
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