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Chapter 4 Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Facilities 4.1.3 Siloxanes In recent years, siloxanes have become a growing challenge for digester-gas-fueled CHP systems. Siloxanes are silicon-based, man-made, volatile compounds that make their way into domestic wastewater via personal care products such as soaps, shampoos, sunscreen, lotions and deodorant. Siloxanes are also prevalent in dry cleaning agents, paper coatings, and textiles, all of which may reach POTWs as a result of industrial discharges. The word “siloxane” is apparently derived from the following: silicon, oxygen, and alkane. In actuality, siloxanes are large organic molecules consisting of a silicon atom to which an oxygen atom and two hydrocarbon groups are attached. The following figure shows two siloxane species commonly found in digester gas. Figure 4-2. Left: Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). Right: Octamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D4). During the wastewater treatment process siloxanes become entrained in sewage sludge and are subsequently volatilized into digester gas during the digestion process. Siloxanes are gases that are released from solution in proportion to their vapor pressure and thus in direct proportion to the sludge temperature. This is the reason why digester gas produced under thermophilic conditions has higher levels of siloxanes than digester gas produced by mesophilic digesters. While siloxane concentrations are generally very low, typically only a few parts per million or less, their presence in digester gas can have negative effects on combustion equipment and CHP system components. If not removed from digester gas to appropriate levels, siloxanes may manifest themselves as hard, abrasive deposits on combustion components. Siloxane deposits have been known to clog engine heads and fuel injectors, foul exhaust intake valves, and coat combustors, turbine blades, turbochargers, recuperators and boiler tubes. Although fuel cells do not combust fuel, it is important that siloxanes be removed from digester gas prior to the fuel cell’s fuel conversion process. 4-3PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Facilities
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