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Chapter 2 Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Facilities 2.3 Microturbines First introduced about 15 years ago, microturbines are a relatively new CHP technology that has become more popular in recent years due to their clean emissions and relatively small sizes. 2.3.1 Description As the name suggests, a microturbine is a much smaller version of a combustion gas turbine. Having evolved from large engine turbochargers and similar high-speed turbo machinery, microturbines are essentially small high-speed recuperated combustion gas turbines. Microturbines are fully packaged modular machines that comprise the smallest capacity CHP units available. Some of the new technologies featured in microturbines include extended-surface recuperators, non-lubricated air bearings, and ultra-fast operating speeds. Table 2-5. Microturbine Performance Characteristics Performance Characteristics1, 2 Size (kW) Electrical Efficiency (%) Thermal Efficiency (%) Equipment Cost ($/kW) Maintenance Cost ($/kWh) Availability (%) Overhaul Frequency (hours) NOx Emissions (lb/million Btu) CO Emissions (lb/million Btu) Microturbine 30 – 250 26 – 30 30 – 37 800 – 1,650 0.012 – 0.025 85 – 90 30,000 – 50,000 0.120 – 0.190 0.520 – 1.760 1. Performance at full continuous rated duty load. 2. Performance characteristics provided by Capstone and Ingersoll-Rand. For effective operation, microturbines require exceptionally clean fuel. In the past, several California POTWs with microturbine installations have experienced operational difficulty due to insufficient digester gas treatment. Several POTWs no longer use their microturbines due to operational, maintenance, and fuel quality issues. However, these issues can be mitigated to provide better operation and performance. 2.3.2 Heat Recovery Similar to the larger combustion gas turbines, heat recovery is only available from the microturbine exhaust. Most microturbines are equipped with a recuperator that is used to preheat the combustion air with a portion of the exhaust heat. While improving electrical efficiency, recuperators limit the overall heat recovery from microturbines by lowering the gas temperature leaving the exhaust. Recovered microturbine heat is available for digester heating or other heating needs, typically in the form of hot water. The following figures show a Wisconsin CHP system with 10 microturbines and the typical equipment arrangement of a microturbine-based CHP system, respectively. 2-10PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Facilities
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