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Chapter 2 Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Facilities 2.2 Combustion Gas Turbines Technically speaking, combustion gas turbines are a type of internal combustion engine. However, given the differences between combustion turbine and internal combustion engine machinery, it is appropriate to define combustion gas turbines as a separate and distinct prime mover technology. 2.2.1 Description Combustion gas turbines, commonly referred to as “gas turbines,” are another common and well-proven industrial prime mover. Combustion gas turbines are often a good fit at the largest POTWs. In the United States, several large POTWs have successfully utilized digester-gas-fueled combustion gas turbines to simultaneously generate electric power and usable heat energy. Combustion gas turbines consist of three primary sections. The function of the turbo compressor is to compress large quantities of atmospheric air. Fuel mixes with the compressed air within the combustion chamber and ignites. The combustion gases can reach temperatures of up to 2,500 degrees F. The turbine, or expander, then extracts mechanical energy from the expanded, high-temperature gases, producing power and driving the turbo compressor. Both the compressor and turbine sections consist of multiple stages of blades that rotate at high speeds. Table 2-3. Combustion Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics Performance Characteristics1, 2 Size (kW) Electrical Efficiency (%) Thermal Efficiency (%) Equipment Cost ($/kW) Maintenance Cost ($/kWh) Availability (%) Overhaul Frequency (hours) NOx Emissions (lb/million Btu) CO Emissions (lb/million Btu) Conventional Turbine 1,200 – 15,000 26–34 40–52 1,100 – 2,000 0.008 – 0.010 95–97 30,000 – 50,000 0.101 – 0.280 0.123 – 0.494 Recuperated Turbine 4,600 – 4,700 36–37 30–45 1,800 – 2,000 0.013 – 0.014 95–97 30,000 – 35,000 0.098 0.119 1. Performance at full continuous duty rated load. 2. Performance characteristics provided by Solar Turbines. Combustion gas turbines typically require slightly less frequent maintenance than reciprocating internal combustion engines. However, maintenance of combustion gas turbines requires specialized service. As a result, it is important to have local service support in the POTW area. For large POTWs considering a combustion turbine based CHP system, it may be to the POTW’s benefit to arrange the combustion gas turbine as a combined cycle system. When operated as a combined cycle, hot exhaust from the combustion gas turbine is directed to a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), which produces the needed high pressure steam that drives the steam turbine. The advantage of combined cycle systems is the ability to achieve higher electrical efficiencies, up to 50 percent or more. However, combined cycle systems also have limitations which usually prohibit their implementation at POTWs. First, combined cycle systems are more complex and expensive than other CHP systems. Second, combined cycle HRSGs produce superheated steam often in excess of 400 pound per square inch gauge pressure (psig) and 700 degrees Fahrenheit. In addition to the safety concerns associated with superheated steam, the production of high pressure steam, in 2-6PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Facilities
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