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Chapter 1 Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Facilities 1.4 Analytical Tools Developed by the Water Environment Research Foundation As has already been discussed, the use of electric power represents one of the largest annual operating costs for POTWs. As energy prices continue to rise, more effective recovery and use of the methane-rich digester gas produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater solids offers an opportunity to significantly reduce purchased energy costs. In addition to the rising cost of energy, POTWs are also faced with increasingly stringent regulations governing the quality of stabilized wastewater solids and potential air emission rates. Together, these factors (energy costs and regulatory standards for biosolids quality and process emissions) have resulted in renewed interest in the use of anaerobic digestion of wastewater solids for digester gas production and on-site energy recovery at POTWs. Further, there is a great need for comprehensive information on the most attractive (cost-effective) energy recovery options for these facilities, which can vary substantially depending on plant specific factors. There is a wide variety of systems that enable energy recovery from wastewater solids in the form of anaerobic digester. Further, the selection of optimum equipment for recovering digester gas energy can be challenging due to several factors that require careful consideration including, digester gas quantity and methane content, concentrations of impurities such as hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes and moisture, recovery equipment capital and operating costs, and air emission considerations. To address these challenges the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) commissioned the development of a comprehensive report to assist wastewater professionals in assessing and selecting the best energy recovery option for a POTW, given its site specific conditions. The objective of the report was to develop a model for comparing the benefits and costs of alternative technologies for digester gas energy recovery throughout the lifetime of the treatment facility, as a function of plant design and operating factors, as well as external parameters such as the costs for energy, capital costs, and operating costs. The model developed in conjunction with the WERF report is a spreadsheet calculator known as the Life Cycle Assessment Manager for Energy Recovery (LCAMER). The LCAMER model enables wastewater professionals to make informed decisions on the feasibility of adopting energy recovery from the anaerobic digestion of wastewater solids based on the site-specific criteria listed above. The LCAMER model also allows wastewater professionals to compare the relative economic merits of one energy recovery technology to another over the life of the systems, based on site-specific criteria and potential end uses of the equipment (for example generating electricity or driving pumps or air compressors). The model includes criteria air pollutant emission factors for the various energy recovery processes, so that it is possible to determine if certain processes might be better than others for use in regions of impaired air quality. The LCAMER model also makes provision for claiming credits for carbon dioxide reductions in the cost analysis, if allowable. In recognition that some energy recovery technologies may have lower emission rates of air pollutants (e.g., NOx, SOx, CO and particulates) than others, emission factors have been incorporated into the spreadsheet so that emission rates of the air pollutants are calculated for all technologies evaluated. As a result, the LCAMER model brings together in one model all of the different options for recovering the energy value of digester gas. Many of the economic functions for capital and operating and maintenance costs were developed based on actual treatment plant data acquired from over 40 wastewater treatment plants in North America; these functions are supplemented by data from equipment suppliers and an extensive review of the technical literature. A detailed user’s manual accompanies the LCAMER model, guiding the user through the spreadsheet cells in which data should or should not be entered. Several tutorial examples are provided to illustrate the use of the LCAMER model. The model contains default values for most criteria; however, it is flexible and allows the user to input site-specific values and override default values where applicable. Using designated spreadsheet entry cells, users can assess the relative effectiveness of different anaerobic digestion processes, gas pretreatment systems, and energy recovery technologies. The model outputs can be expressed as simple 1-9PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Facilities
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