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EPA – COMBINED HEAT AND POWER TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION 1. INTRODUCTION Wastewater conveyance and treatment is an energy-intensive endeavor. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), water and wastewater treatment and conveyance account for up to 4 percent of the energy used in the United States. Publicly owned treatment works (POTW) are facilities dedicated to treating wastewater. POTWs consume significant quantities of energy due to their continuous operation and complex treatment processes. The electrical cost of wastewater treatment often accounts for more than 25 percent of the total cost associated with operating a POTW. At most POTWs energy is generally consumed by the following: Large water pumps used to import, transfer and discharge wastewater Large air blowers and mixers used to provide air to biological treatment processes Solids handling equipment such as mixers, conveyors, and dewatering devices Solids volume reduction and disposal equipment, such as dryers and incinerators A wide range of auxiliary motors as required for supplying compressed air, reclaimed water distribution, odor control, etc. Process area ventilation and lighting Administrative and laboratory building heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC), and lighting. Current emphasis on energy conservation and sustainability encourages more responsible use of non- renewable resources, including those fossil fuels used for the production of the vast majority of the USA’s electrical power production. As an appropriate response, many utilities are considering methods to reduce and/or offset the power required to treat wastewater. Such reductions have the environmental benefits of reducing consumption of nonrenewable fuel resources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with power generation, but also result in economic savings in the form of reduced power consumption and costs. This document is primarily intended for use by wastewater professionals, including POTW decisions makers. Its purpose is to provide an in-depth examination of commonly used combined heat and power (CHP) technologies for converting anaerobic digester gas to electrical power and process heat. Chapter 1 of this document introduces the concept and use of CHP systems in conjunction with an anaerobic digestion process. Chapter 2 introduces and provides a detailed discussion of several power producing technologies that are suitable for digester gas fuel. Chapter 3 includes editorial and graphical comparisons of the CHP technologies presented in this document. Chapter 4 discusses other factors such as infrastructure requirements, digester gas treatment, and electrical connections that POTW decision makers should carefully consider when evaluating CHP technologies. Chapter 5 considers other beneficial uses for digester gas other than CHP. Chapter 6 provides detailed case studies of several POTWs currently operating digester gas-fueled CHP systems. Chapter 7 is a detailed case study of the Columbus Water Works’ new advanced anaerobic digestion process and CHP system. Chapter 8 includes a literature review of several sources used to develop this document. Chapter 8 also includes a discussion on areas of disagreement between the literature and the information presented in this document. 1-1PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Facilities
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